Research library

Published entries

• 5-Amino-1MQ

  5-Amino-1MQ is a small quaternary quinolinium molecule that inhibits nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, a cytosolic enzyme that methylates nicotinamide. Its published record is entirely in cell culture and in mice; no clinical study of it has been identified. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• ACE-031

  ACE-031, also named ramatercept, is a homodimeric fusion protein joining the ligand-binding domain of activin receptor type IIB to an immunoglobulin G1 Fc region. Developed by Acceleron Pharma, it completed two phase 1 studies and entered phase 2 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, where the trial was terminated after the second administration regimen because of vascular adverse events. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Adipotide

  Adipotide is an investigational chimeric peptidomimetic that joins a vascular homing peptide to a proapoptotic sequence built from D-amino acids. Its published evidence is preclinical; the single registered human trial was terminated after four participants and has never reported. It is not approved by the FDA for any use.

• AHK-Cu

  AHK-Cu is a copper(II) complex of the tripeptide L-alanyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine. Its entire published primary research record is one 2007 study in cultured human dermal papilla cells and ex vivo hair follicles. It has never been studied in a clinical trial and is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• AICAR

  AICAR, also named acadesine, is a purine nucleoside that enters cells and is phosphorylated to a monophosphate which activates AMP-activated protein kinase. It is one of the most widely used laboratory reagents in AMPK research, and its clinical programme in cardiac surgery ended when a phase 3 trial was stopped for futility. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• AOD-9604

  AOD-9604 is a synthetic sixteen-residue peptide corresponding to the C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone with an added N-terminal tyrosine. Its published evidence base is preclinical and analytical: no completed human trial of the compound is indexed in the peer-reviewed literature, and it is not approved by the FDA for any use.

• ARA-290

  ARA-290, also named cibinetide, is an eleven-residue synthetic peptide corresponding to the aqueous face of helix B of erythropoietin. It activates the innate repair receptor — an erythropoietin receptor and CD131 heterocomplex — without stimulating red cell production, and has been studied in randomised placebo-controlled trials up to phase 2b. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• BPC-157

  BPC-157 is a synthetic fifteen-residue peptide whose sequence is described in the literature as a partial sequence of a protein fraction isolated from human gastric juice. Its published evidence base is overwhelmingly rodent. It is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for any indication.

• Bronchogen

  Bronchogen is the synthetic tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu, the bronchial member of the Khavinson bioregulator series. It has a rat model of obstructive lung pathology behind it and, unusually for this family, direct physical measurements of its interaction with DNA. No clinical study of it has been identified, and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Cagrilintide

  Cagrilintide (development code NNC0174-0833) is an investigational lipidated analogue of the pancreatic hormone amylin, designed for a weekly interval. It acts at amylin receptors rather than at incretin receptors, and it is not approved by the FDA for any use.

• CagriSema

  CagriSema is an investigational fixed-ratio combination of two separate peptides — the amylin analogue cagrilintide and the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide — administered together once weekly. It is not a single molecule and has no identifiers of its own, and it is not approved by the FDA.

• Cardiogen

  Cardiogen is the synthetic tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg, the cardiac member of the Khavinson bioregulator series. Its name collides with two unrelated products, so its identifiers are reached by structure rather than by name. Its published record is a rat tumour study, organotypic myocardial culture and one cytoskeletal protein study; no clinical study of it has been identified.

• Cartalax

  Cartalax is the synthetic tripeptide Ala-Glu-Asp, the cartilage member of the Khavinson bioregulator series, published mostly under the sequence label AED rather than its trade name. Its record is cell culture in chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells and dermal fibroblasts, plus one rat renal study. No clinical study of it has been identified and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Cerebrolysin

  Cerebrolysin is a mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides and free amino acids produced by enzymatic breakdown of purified porcine brain protein. It has no single structure, has been studied in large randomised trials in stroke, head trauma and dementia, and is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Chonluten

  Chonluten is the synthetic tripeptide Glu-Asp-Gly, published in most of its primary literature under the laboratory code T-34. At 319 daltons it is the smallest member of the Khavinson bioregulator series. Its identified record is three cell-culture and explant papers, one of which reports it as inactive where four siblings were active. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• CJC-1295 DAC

  CJC-1295 DAC is a synthetic 30-residue analogue of human growth hormone-releasing hormone carrying a maleimidopropionamide group that bonds covalently to serum albumin, giving it a plasma half-life measured in days. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication; clinical development reached phase 2 and stopped.

• CJC-1295 No DAC

  CJC-1295 no DAC, also listed as modified GRF (1-29), is a synthetic 29-residue analogue of human growth hormone-releasing hormone carrying four amino acid substitutions. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication, and no clinical trial of it has been published under this name.

• Cortagen

  Cortagen is the synthetic tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro, designed from the amino acid composition of the brain cortex preparation Cortexin. Its strongest primary evidence is a rat sciatic nerve regeneration study; no clinical report of it has been identified. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Crystagen

  Crystagen is the synthetic tripeptide Glu-Asp-Pro, also published under the laboratory code T-36. It has the smallest published record of any compound in this batch — two primary papers, both in excised tissue — and the identification of its trade name with its sequence rests on a single review table. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• DSIP

  DSIP is a linear nonapeptide, sequence WAGGDASGE, isolated from rabbit cerebral venous dialysate in 1977 and known by the International Nonproprietary Name emideltide. No receptor, gene or precursor protein has been identified for it, and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Dulaglutide

  Dulaglutide is a recombinant fusion protein in which a modified GLP-1 analogue is joined to an immunoglobulin G4 Fc fragment, acting as an agonist at a single receptor, GLP-1R. It is the active ingredient of an approved pharmaceutical product, and that approval belongs to that finished product rather than to the substance.

• Eloralintide

  Eloralintide (development code LY3841136) is an investigational synthetic analogue of amylin reported to act selectively at the amylin 1 receptor rather than across the calcitonin receptor family. It is not approved by the FDA for any use.

• Epitalon

  Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, designed from the amino acid composition of a bovine pineal gland extract and studied chiefly by one research group in St Petersburg. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Exenatide

  Exenatide is the synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-residue peptide isolated from Gila monster venom that acts as an agonist at a single receptor, GLP-1R. It is the active ingredient of approved pharmaceutical products, and that approval belongs to those finished products rather than to the chemical.

• Follistatin 315

  Follistatin 315 is the mature 315-residue secreted form of human follistatin, a protein that binds and neutralises activin, myostatin and related ligands. It is the isoform found in blood, where its concentration is regulated by the liver in response to the glucagon-to-insulin ratio. It has never been administered in a clinical trial and is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Follistatin 344

  Follistatin 344 is the 344-residue precursor form of human follistatin, a secreted protein that binds and neutralises activin, myostatin and related members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. Its coding sequence has been delivered to humans by adeno-associated virus in completed early-phase gene therapy trials; the protein itself has never been given in a clinical trial. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• FOXO4-DRI

  FOXO4-DRI is a synthetic D-retro-inverso peptide designed to disrupt the interaction between the transcription factor FOXO4 and p53, causing senescent cells to undergo apoptosis. Its entire research record is cell culture and rodent work. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• GHK-Cu

  GHK-Cu is a coordination complex of copper(II) with the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine. Its published research is chemistry and cell culture with a small rodent literature; no clinical trial of it has been published in the indexed literature. It is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for any indication.

• GHRP-2

  GHRP-2, whose international non-proprietary name is pralmorelin, is a synthetic hexapeptide agonist at the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. It is approved in Japan as a diagnostic agent for provocative testing of growth hormone secretion, and is not approved in the United States for any use.

• GHRP-6

  GHRP-6 is a synthetic hexapeptide first described in 1984 and the founding member of the growth hormone-releasing peptide family. It is an agonist at the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, the receptor for ghrelin, and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Glutathione

  Glutathione is the endogenous tripeptide gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine and the principal intracellular thiol redox buffer. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication; its human trial record by oral and intravenous routes is mixed, and its oral bioavailability has been disputed since 1992.

• Gonadorelin

  Gonadorelin is gonadotropin-releasing hormone itself — the ten-residue hypothalamic hormone whose sequence was determined in 1971 — rather than an analogue of it. Finished products containing it are approved for pituitary function testing, for pulsatile use in a specialist endocrine indication, and in veterinary reproduction.

• Hexarelin

  Hexarelin, also named examorelin, is a synthetic six-residue peptide that activates the growth hormone secretagogue receptor GHS-R1a and also binds the scavenger receptor CD36. It was studied in human clinical pharmacology through the 1990s, chiefly as a probe of pituitary growth hormone reserve, and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Humanin

  Humanin is a 24-residue peptide encoded within the 16S ribosomal RNA region of mitochondrial DNA, identified in 2001 as a factor that prevented death of neuronal cells in Alzheimer's disease models. It was the first described member of the mitochondrial-derived peptide class. No interventional clinical trial of it has been identified, and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• IGF-1 DES(1-3)

  IGF-1 DES(1-3) is human insulin-like growth factor 1 with its first three residues, glycine-proline-glutamate, removed. It occurs naturally in bovine colostrum, human brain and porcine uterus, it binds the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins far more weakly than intact IGF-1, and it has never been studied in a clinical trial. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• IGF-1 LR3

  IGF-1 LR3 is a recombinant analogue of human insulin-like growth factor 1 carrying a 13-residue N-terminal extension and an arginine substitution at position 3. It was built as a laboratory reagent for studying the IGF-binding proteins, it has never been studied in a clinical trial, and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Ipamorelin

  Ipamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide agonist at the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, described in its discovery paper as the first selective growth hormone secretagogue because it released growth hormone in swine without measurable release of ACTH or cortisol. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Kisspeptin-10

  Kisspeptin-10 is the C-terminal decapeptide of the KISS1 gene product — residues 112 to 121, amidated — and an agonist at the kisspeptin receptor KISS1R. It is an endogenous peptide fragment used as a physiological probe of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Kisspeptin-54

  Kisspeptin-54 is the major circulating isoform of kisspeptin in humans, a 54-residue product of the KISS1 gene and an agonist at the KISS1R receptor. It has been studied in human reproductive physiology and as a trigger for oocyte maturation in in vitro fertilisation, and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• KPV

  KPV is a three-residue synthetic peptide — lysine, proline, valine — corresponding to residues 11 to 13 of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Its published research is entirely preclinical: cell culture and rodent models of colitis. No clinical trial of it is registered or published, and it is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for any indication.

• Liraglutide

  Liraglutide is a synthetic, acylated analogue of human glucagon-like peptide-1 that acts as an agonist at a single receptor, GLP-1R. It is the active ingredient of approved pharmaceutical products, and that approval belongs to those finished products rather than to the chemical.

• Livagen

  Livagen is the synthetic tetrapeptide Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala, the hepatic member of the Khavinson bioregulator series. It is unusual within that series for having a measured enzyme-inhibition constant and a published negative receptor-binding control. No clinical study of it has been identified, and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Lixisenatide

  Lixisenatide is a synthetic 44-residue peptide derived from exendin-4 by deleting one proline and appending six lysine residues, acting as an agonist at a single receptor, GLP-1R. It is the active ingredient of approved pharmaceutical products, and that approval belongs to those finished products rather than to the chemical.

• LL-37

  LL-37 is the 37-residue C-terminal peptide released from hCAP18, the product of the single human cathelicidin gene, and the material supplied as a laboratory reagent is a synthetic copy of it. It has been studied in randomised clinical trials in chronic wounds under the name ropocamptide, and it is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for any indication.

• Mazdutide

  Mazdutide is a synthetic acylated analogue of oxyntomodulin that acts as an agonist at two receptors — the GLP-1 receptor and the glucagon receptor. It is approved in China and has not been approved by the FDA for any use.

• Melanotan I

  Melanotan I is afamelanotide, a synthetic analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone that activates the melanocortin 1 receptor. A controlled-release implant containing it is an approved medicine in the United States and the European Union for one rare light-sensitivity disorder; the approval is specific to that finished product.

• Melanotan II

  Melanotan II is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and a non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist. It has never been approved in any jurisdiction, and its indexed human research record consists of four small studies published between 1996 and 2000.

• MGF (mechano growth factor)

  MGF, or mechano growth factor, is a 24-residue synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal E domain of IGF-1Ec, an alternatively spliced transcript of the insulin-like growth factor 1 gene. It has never been studied in a clinical trial, its receptor has never been identified, and its central in vitro findings failed to replicate at two pharmaceutical companies in 2014. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• MK-677

  MK-677, also named ibutamoren, is an orally active non-peptide agonist at the growth hormone secretagogue receptor GHS-R1a. Merck developed it through multiple phase 2 trials, the largest of which did not meet their primary endpoints, and development was discontinued. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• MOTS-c

  MOTS-c is a sixteen-residue peptide encoded by a short open reading frame inside the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene — an endogenous mitochondrial-derived peptide rather than a designed analogue. Its published evidence base is largely preclinical and observational, and it is not approved by the FDA for any use.

• N-Acetyl Epitalon

  N-Acetyl Epitalon is an acetylated analogue of the synthetic tetrapeptide Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly). It is recorded in PubChem as a distinct chemical substance and has no indexed research literature of its own. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• N-Acetyl Selank

  N-Acetyl Selank is an acetylated analogue of Selank, the synthetic tuftsin-derived heptapeptide. It is recorded in PubChem as a distinct chemical substance and has no indexed research literature of its own. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• N-Acetyl Semax

  N-Acetyl Semax is an acetylated analogue of Semax, the synthetic ACTH(4-7)-PGP heptapeptide. Its own indexed literature consists of two chemistry reports; it has no animal or human research record of its own, and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• NAD+

  NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in its oxidised form — a coenzyme for redox reactions and a consumed substrate for sirtuins, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases and CD38. It is a small molecule rather than a peptide, and it is not approved by the FDA as a drug for any indication.

• Ovagen

  Ovagen is the synthetic tripeptide Glu-Asp-Leu from the Khavinson bioregulator series, published in the primary literature only as the EDL peptide. Its entire identified primary record is two rat studies of acute kidney damage from one author group. No clinical study of it has been identified and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Oxytocin

  Oxytocin is a cyclic nine-residue hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. Injectable products containing it are approved medicines for obstetric use, and a large separate research literature has examined intranasal administration in behavioural and psychiatric conditions.

• Pancragen

  Pancragen is the C-terminally amidated tetrapeptide Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp, the pancreatic member of the Khavinson bioregulator series. It is the only compound in that series with published non-human primate studies, alongside rat work, pancreatic cell culture and one non-randomised human report. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• PE-22-28

  PE-22-28 is a seven-residue synthetic peptide derived from spadin, a fragment of the sortilin propeptide, and reported to inhibit the TREK-1 two-pore-domain potassium channel. Its entire research record is preclinical. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• PEG-MGF

  PEG-MGF is a polyethylene glycol conjugate of the 24-residue peptide known as mechano growth factor. No public substance register carries a record for the conjugate, and no study of it in humans, animals or cell culture has been identified in the peer-reviewed literature. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Pemvidutide

  Pemvidutide (development code ALT-801) is an investigational synthetic peptide that acts as an agonist at two receptors — the GLP-1 receptor and the glucagon receptor — and has been studied principally in liver disease. It is not approved by the FDA for any use.

• Pinealon

  Pinealon is the synthetic tripeptide Glu-Asp-Arg, one of the short peptides in the Khavinson bioregulator series. Its literature is concentrated in one research programme and consists chiefly of cell-culture and rodent work, with one small uncontrolled human report. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• PNC-27

  PNC-27 is a synthetic chimeric peptide joining a p53-derived HDM-2-binding domain to a cell-penetrating leader sequence. It is reported to lyse cancer cells by binding HDM-2 in their membranes. Its published record is entirely cell-culture and structural work, and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Prostamax

  Prostamax is the synthetic tetrapeptide Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro, the prostatic member of the Khavinson bioregulator series. Its published record is small and almost entirely cytogenetic and microcalorimetric work on lymphocytes cultured from elderly donors. No clinical study of it has been identified, and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• PT-141

  PT-141, developed under the International Nonproprietary Name bremelanotide, is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide that acts as a non-selective agonist at the melanocortin receptor family, with greatest relevance at MC1R and MC4R. A finished pharmaceutical product containing it is approved in the United States for one specific indication.

• Retatrutide

  Retatrutide (development code LY3437943) is an investigational synthetic peptide that acts as an agonist at three receptors at once — the GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. It is not approved by the FDA for any use.

• Selank

  Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide consisting of the immunoglobulin-derived tetrapeptide tuftsin extended by a Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide. It is registered as a pharmaceutical product in the Russian Federation and is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Semaglutide

  Semaglutide is a synthetic, acylated analogue of human glucagon-like peptide-1 that acts as an agonist at a single receptor, GLP-1R. It is the active ingredient of approved pharmaceutical products, and that approval belongs to those finished products rather than to the chemical.

• Semax

  Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide built from the 4–7 fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone with a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension. It is registered as a pharmaceutical product in the Russian Federation and is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Sermorelin

  Sermorelin is the first 29 amino acids of human growth hormone-releasing hormone, synthesised as a C-terminal amide. It is the shortest fragment of that hormone with full biological activity, and it was formerly approved in the United States as a pharmaceutical product; that product is no longer marketed.

• SLU-PP-332

  SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic small molecule that activates all three estrogen-related receptors, with highest reported potency at ERRα. It was described in 2023 as a chemical tool compound for studying those receptors in animals. No clinical study of it has been identified, and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• SNAP-8

  SNAP-8 is the trade name for acetyl octapeptide-3, an eight-residue synthetic peptide whose sequence corresponds to a region of the SNARE protein SNAP-25. It is marketed as a cosmetic ingredient, and no indexed study examines the isolated peptide.

• SS-31

  SS-31, developed under the names MTP-131 and elamipretide, is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. A finished pharmaceutical product containing it holds one accelerated approval in the United States for a rare genetic condition.

• Survodutide

  Survodutide (development code BI 456906) is an investigational synthetic acylated peptide that acts as an agonist at two receptors at once — the glucagon receptor and the GLP-1 receptor. It is not approved by the FDA for any use.

• TB-500 Fragment 17-23

  The TB-500 17-23 fragment is the seven-residue acetylated peptide Ac-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln-OH, corresponding to the actin-binding motif at residues 17 to 23 of thymosin beta-4. It is the substance the chemical registers record under the name TB-500. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• TB-500 (Thymosin β4)

  TB-500 is a name applied to two different molecules: thymosin β4, a 43-residue intracellular actin-binding protein, and Ac-LKKTETQ, the seven-residue fragment of it recorded in the chemical registers under that name. Neither is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for any indication.

• Tesamorelin

  Tesamorelin is a synthetic 44-residue analogue of human growth hormone-releasing hormone with a hexenoyl group on its N-terminal tyrosine. It is the one compound in this family with a current United States approval, held by a specific pharmaceutical product in a single HIV-related indication.

• Testagen

  Testagen is the synthetic tetrapeptide Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly from the Khavinson bioregulator series. Its trade name assigns it to the male reproductive system, while its primary literature describes it as derived from anterior pituitary extract and studies it in the thyroid and thymus of hypophysectomised birds. No clinical study of it has been identified and it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Thymalin

  Thymalin is a polypeptide complex isolated from thymus tissue and registered as an immunomodulatory preparation in the Russian Federation. It is not a defined molecule, has no sequence or molecular formula, and is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Thymogen

  Thymogen is the dipeptide L-alpha-glutamyl-L-tryptophan, isolated by chromatography from a calf thymus peptide complex and then synthesised. It is the only compound in the Khavinson bioregulator series with an International Nonproprietary Name and a registered clinical trial record, both of which belong to its disodium salt under the development code IM-862. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Thymosin Alpha-1

  Thymosin alpha-1 is a 28-residue N-acetylated human peptide corresponding to the N-terminal part of prothymosin alpha. Under the International Nonproprietary Name thymalfasin it is an approved pharmaceutical product in a number of countries, though not in the United States, where it has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for any indication.

• Thymulin

  Thymulin is a nine-residue hormone produced by thymic epithelial cells, biologically active only when a zinc ion is bound to it. It was characterised in the 1970s and 1980s and tested in randomised trials in 1987; it is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Tirzepatide

  Tirzepatide (development code LY3298176) is a synthetic, fatty-acid-modified peptide that acts as an agonist at two receptors at once — the GIP receptor and the GLP-1 receptor. It is the active ingredient of approved pharmaceutical products, and that approval belongs to those finished products rather than to the chemical.

• Triptorelin

  Triptorelin is a synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue differing from the natural hormone at one residue. Depot products containing it are approved medicines used to suppress the reproductive axis, and that suppression is produced by sustained agonist exposure rather than by blockade.

• Vesugen

  Vesugen is the synthetic tripeptide Lys-Glu-Asp, the vascular member of the Khavinson bioregulator series, also published under the sequence label KED and the laboratory code T-38. Its literature is concentrated in one research programme and consists chiefly of endothelial cell culture, molecular docking and two small uncontrolled human reports. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• Vilon

  Vilon is the synthetic dipeptide Lys-Glu, the shortest member of the Khavinson bioregulator series and one of the few with a complete set of public register identifiers. Its literature is concentrated in one research programme and consists chiefly of cell-culture and rodent work, with two small uncontrolled human reports. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication.

• VIP

  VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide, is an endogenous 28-residue peptide of the secretin superfamily and an agonist at the VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. The synthetic form is named aviptadil; it is not approved in the United States, and its largest randomised trial was negative.

Comparisons

Two compounds side by side: what each targets, how the mechanisms differ, and what the published research compares. Nothing here ranks one against the other.

• BPC-157 vs TB-500: Molecular Targets and Published Research Compared

  BPC-157 has no identified receptor; TB-500 names two molecules with a known actin-binding partner. One rat study compared them directly.

• Cagrilintide vs Semaglutide: Amylin and GLP-1 Receptor Pharmacology Compared

  Cagrilintide acts at amylin receptors, semaglutide at the GLP-1 receptor. One randomised trial compared them directly and in combination.

• CJC-1295 DAC vs CJC-1295 No DAC: What the Drug Affinity Complex Changes

  Two forms of one GHRH analogue backbone. One carries an albumin-conjugating group and has published human pharmacokinetics; the other has none.

• GHRP-2 vs GHRP-6: Two Hexapeptides at the Same Receptor

  GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 are hexapeptide agonists at the ghrelin receptor with different sequences, different potencies and very different regulatory positions.

• Ipamorelin vs Sermorelin: Two Different Receptors on the Same Axis

  Ipamorelin acts at the ghrelin receptor, sermorelin at the GHRH receptor. Different pharmacology, different histories, no head-to-head trial.

• Retatrutide vs Semaglutide: Receptor Pharmacology and Clinical Research Compared

  How retatrutide and semaglutide differ in receptor targets, molecular design and the depth of their published trial records. Laboratory reference.

• Retatrutide vs Tirzepatide: Receptor Pharmacology and Clinical Research Compared

  How retatrutide and tirzepatide differ in receptor targets, molecular design and published trial evidence. Laboratory reference only.

• Semax vs Selank: Two Russian Heptapeptides with Different Parent Sequences

  Semax and Selank share a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro device and little else. Neither has an established receptor. What the published research shows.

• Tesamorelin vs Sermorelin: Two GHRH Analogues with Opposite Regulatory Histories

  Tesamorelin and sermorelin act at the same receptor. One is a stabilised 44-residue analogue approved in the United States; the other is GHRH(1-29).

• Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide: Receptor Pharmacology and Head-to-Head Clinical Research

  Tirzepatide and semaglutide differ by one receptor. Two randomised head-to-head trials compared them directly: SURPASS-2 and SURMOUNT-5.